Melanie Klein

Melanie Klein (1882 - 1960)

Read Freud.

Petrot Klein divides the work into three systems:

1. Protokleiniano (1919-1923)

2. First Kleinian System (1923-1934)

3. Specifically Kleinian System (1934-1960) theory of object relations or positions.

Concepts that uses Freud: Theory of the drive (she calls it instinct), the first (instinct of self-preservation and sexual) attaches great importance to the libido, childlike curiosity, masturbatory fantasies whose central point the primal scene, the sexuality of parents, the oedipal situation, which is evidenced with the symptoms, pleasure principle and reality, the structure, the psyche, the repression. Start making changes implicitly. Speaks of sublimation, adding to the Freudian concept of this successful and repression that makes libido load functions, interests ego, libido undergoes a process of desexualization. Freud is separated from her repression and the board (in Freud genital sublimates).

Speaks primary sublimations: The movement and speech, then comes the game and finally the secondary, which are the naming Freud, like sport. He says that in children repressions early symptoms may occur, and which Freud said that did not happen.

Importance of sexual enlightenment in children

Sublimation talks successful repression linked to energy processes, sexual libido: sexual symbolic cathexis. Sexual libido undergoes a process of transformation where the end of the drive (download) and the object, which is moved and representative of the Oedipal original object is replaced. Body areas of interest are sexual, erogenous zones. Identification takes the concept by matching the different areas of the body. The lower body parts are moved to the top, as they represent the face and genitals. The body speaks and the mother is the universe of the child, generating particular interest. The parts are displaced pleasure, ego functions by sublimation, by successfully loaded libido repression arise, involve a change in the object.

primary sublimations Speak, movement (without early repressions)

intermediate sublimations: Game (sublimations with masturbatory fantasies and overcoming oedipal conflicts)

secondary sublimations: Art, sport, learning.

Early repressions etc. may appear, can not properly explain why they occur, to about 2 years, found symptoms related to sleep, feeding, anxiety, crying spells, inhibition in the game, Believed to occur by exogenous or constitutional reasons or early Oedipal tendencies.

As Freud says that fantasies are preconscious and are always linked to the Oedipal situation.

Theory of stages: primary oral (suction), secondary oral (cannibalistic), primary anal (expulsive), secondary anal (retentive), and phallic.

Symposium

Reformulates the Oedipal situation in every child there early, as the superego Oedipal tendencies, both developed concomitantly. They can be made because there are transference situations (Personification in the external world). Determines all symptoms by the superego. Take the first drive theory and interest on the libidinal pleasure along with the theory of stages. The symptoms have to do with the Oedipus and the superego. Reformulates conceptualized by Freud, the concept of Imago appears, anticipates the concept of internal object, establishes principles for analysis of development of children and play technique.

Children with very sadistic and cruel superego. Transfer talk of Neurosis, then change it by transference situation. The concept of psychic apparatus name it as Inner World. The relationship with parents is always transfer and all life is maintained. Imago is a fantastic recreation is done in the moments of greatest sadism, is personified in the games, are incorporated in and form part of the superego (sinister characters within oneself) source of anguish.

One hopes that children want to play something and not propose games like Ana Freud and Hellmouth they said. The game is the way to get to the conflict in the child. Take the child's words as verbal associations as the analysis progresses decreases anxiety and starts talking about what disturbs him. Not to do an introduction, must see internal conflicts, Oedipal interpretation of the positive and negative transfer is made (Ana says it is impossible to interpret the negative transference).

Urethral talk about fantasies, tied to parental imagos, these are projected to the outside world, toys and the same analyst are the elements that serve this projection. The concept of internal object comes after these projections are realized.

Pregenital impulses coexist (sadists, oral and anal) and genitals.

Hypothesizes that can be analyzed children when Ana said it was dangerous, they are children in pre-feeding, where the superego is constituted stages is in the Oedipus complex and there is a risk of "touch" structuring something, the only way is to strengthen the educational part, seek the cooperation of the child to strengthen the superego. Klein argues that there is no risk and should work with the same lines of psychoanalysis, as this weakens the superego and strengthens the self, addressing the unconscious.

There are children in the Oedipus and the superego are previously and have other characteristics (archaic). The superego would not be the heir of the Oedipus complex, but concurrently constructed. If there is no fault superego, it is composed of Imagos (distorted representations of parents) that you come from the sadistic stage - oral, introjections of oedipal parents. Watching the kids and see a sadist deployment in games, this can be suppressed. A child with guilt can get rid of this by way of sublimation. negative and positive transfer is analyzed. Neurosis does not speak but Transfer transference situation. The core of the superego is unchanged, although the imagos evolve, has to do with the archaic maternal sadism. It is not legal, no rules, and lives as evolved as archaic, the back does not negate the above, appearing at different times each. Soften the superego is to free the capacity to love.

The play technique is used in the same way that Freud used free association. If the child does nothing is left and interprets, the analyst should be neutral, if something can not be done is explained and told to "do as we do". The game is taken as a dream, has the same mechanisms, relaxes the intrapsychic, is based on the personification (dissociation and projection Imagos), it generates relief. Attention should be paid to the characters who appear, if the game is always the same or change. The child plays and does not speak because words are full of anguish, the game represents better what happens.

Principles of child psychoanalysis.

treatment similar to adult

There transfer

There is the cruel superego

The symptom it is accessed through the game

Game intended as sublimation, like the dream and the symptom

Words are associations the game

Observes the gestures and body

Observes and interprets (a special situation is created)

It is interpreted from the beginning

positive and negative transfer is interpreted

The child's words are loaded with anguish that the game is about, then, when low anxiety, he expresses his own conflicts, it is where interprets the words.

pregenital libido

Imago (antecedent of the internal object)

Oedipal situation

Oedipus and the superego

Aberastury

Klein translated texts in Argentina. A child must have before entering psychoanalysis, a diagnosis (box sets) Diagnostic Time game. At the time of diagnosis is not recorded game and games should not be in the box, but loose. It should systematize the interview with parents and it should be noted, all history is investigated child from conception. Group parental guidance.

In the first session the child shows the first representation of disease and healing.

Archaic Oedipus: weaning, hygiene habits Freud: castration

It archaic superego: Imagos: sadistic pregenital

Technical Game: Free Association Adult

Initial interview with parents: Data

Reason for consultation

Child's history: as heard of conception, if it was required, if there were previous abortions or attempts, as is the relationship of parents, as was the delivery.

Breastfeeding and weaning and separation

Passage suction to eat porridge (attitude of the mother)

Up and displacement (attitude of the mother)

Potty training (No rush him: Run and language)

dreams

Diseases and accidents

Dentition

sexual activity

Game: expresses masturbatory fantasies, playing a boy learns

Scholarship

It is a common day and as a weekend

Attitude towards gifts

Family relationships

He talks about how it should be the practice, play material, individual drawer, etc.

Divan

Worthless things

Furniture where games, keylock be saved: it opens each session and closes when this ends symbolizes the privacy of treatment.

Each child has his box

Diagnostic box for all alike

Broken things are not removed, because he made improper use

improper use of things such as stain clothing analyst is not allowed (they are taken as micro suicides)

The child can not take things to the house, but if you can bring your toys because it can explain a familiar situation.

You may tell what happens with parents but not vice versa.

Interview and subsequent return

Parents can not follow advice because they can not fulfill them and feel guilty taking, the analyst, place of superego

many interviews are not given

With parents working only with consciousness, because they are not patients

It is clarified that the child may have ups and downs, loss of faith, questions about sexuality, adopted children must clarify questions about the birth, but can not continue

About a group of parental guidance

early stages of Oedipal conflict

There are feelings of guilt, anxiety retariación, reproach appears. All children go through a moment of great guilt due to Oedipus, the superego league in both sexes separation from the mother. Weaning involves a period in which the maturation of the psyche makes is not depending on the mother. Match situations frustration (weaning and toilet training) with early genital impulses. The cause is oral frustration, reinforced by a anal

Freud: Between 4 to 5 years the child enters the Oedipus complex, then the threat of castration comes out and is identified with the father, the superego is formed and picks up objects external to the field. The girl enters the Oedipus when he is neutered, the phallic envy appears, entering the father as an object of love, this, children and feces represent the penis. At puberty oedipal situations, women are reactivated a displacement of the clitoris to the vagina is given, because sexuality appears. Superego is the heir of Oedipus

Klein: Use the Freudian concepts, but reworks. Oedipus is early and related to infantile sexual theories, comes at a time where coexist genital and pregenital impulses (1-2 years old) pregenital sadistic fantasies, guilt. What pregenital sadistic, epistemophilic momentum, anal, oral anal stain and darken the genital impulses. There displacements between orality and anality. Speaks of simultaneity between the feminine and masculine, there are female and male positions in both the child and the child. The female is very sadistic superego by the relationship with the mother and not having the sex organ in sight, it can only be reduced by the birth of a child. In man masturbation it makes you feel you have a penis, thus reduces the guilt, it there is also a feminine position, by the fact that women envy the ability to have a child.

Breaks with the succession of stages proposed by Abraham, the call positions and distinguished male and female positions in both the child and the child.

Theory positions

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the evolutionary scheme breaks

Pulses: pregenital: Oral, anal, urethral

Genitals

Epistemophilical: Associated to pregenital sadism (own - stealing)

And desire to get to know the mother's body, appropriate this

It allows identification.

Weaning brand search of a second object: the father's penis, which represents inside the mother.

Some theoretical conclusions regarding the emotional life of the infant.

Projection mechanism: linked to the instinctive mechanism. It is from the beginning of birth.

Internal object: From the beginning there is creation, invested with libido, is cathects. I - O: relief of instinctual conflict which is biological, not psychological.

Unconscious fantasy: Linked to the first moments of life, it expresses the biological psychic level, the internal object. Representation of the first object relations, where the self is fragile. They are preverbal, representatives of projected objects instincts. In Freud it is an evolved product related to the seen and spoken.

I: There from the beginning, is a nonintegrated I, it relates to an object.

Projection of the death instinct, cathected with libido.

Mechanism of self.

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They constitute a position and relate to each other. Correlation of elements that are interdependent

Projection and introjection, incorporation of the object are given from the origin and form part of the superego.

The importance of symbol formation in the development of self.

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In the body of the mother are the father's penis, feces, children and cough these elements homologous with edible substances, destroys everything orally, weapons of sadism, which gives anguish introjection of these objects form early (superego). an attack with the same characteristics (anxiety of retaliation) is feared. Anguish that comes from within and which must be released.

It goes from one object to another by anguish, that is where the identification mechanism appears. It leaves the body of the mother. An amount of anxiety triggers the formation of symbols.

First relation to reality: the mother's body: phantasmic relationship

Process stage

Displacement is passed to other objects and other instinctual reality base (ego mechanism) is formed. It does not go from one object to another for pleasure but by anguish.

Pasional sadism basis from the pregenital phase.

Dick: What genital had intervened very early, this was a premature and exaggerated identification with the object attacked and contributed to the formation of an equally premature defense against sadism.

Factors: Disability ego to tolerate anxiety (constitutional); early genitality.

Theory of Positions

specific grouping of four elements: Anxiety, defenses, and object relations specific fantasies.

Stop talking stages for call positions

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Two positions:

Depressive (1934) 6 to 12 months

Schizoparanoid (1946) from 0 to 6 months

There are two modes of operation. They have an evolutionary aspect and one that transcends and allows continued operation lifetime.

The archaic Oedipus is subsumed to the depressive position, in which the first match occurs.

Depressive position and its relationship with grief.

Freud retakes "Access the reality judgment can accelerate or delay the duel" Reinstalling the lost person inside me.

Try to mourn over what she feels about his son's death.

There in the evolution of child something similar: loss of the relationship with the breast (first connection of the child, change). Adult mourning.

Changes the relationship with the mother weaning process, removal of the child with the mother, activation of the Oedipal conflict (the child seeks other objects), the breast is lost in fantasy for having attacked aggressively.

ASSAULT - GUILT - REPAIRS

Loa must be aware of attacks produced the mother's breast, so you can develop the depressive phase. The fear is because you want to preserve the object. fault is generated and the object you want to repair.

All I incorporated into the objects form the inner object

There is a change in the object relationship and the image of the mother as a whole person is constituted, which allows approach other objects, acceptance of ambivalence, a different relationship is earned.

The inner world is a theoretical construct armed to account for internal objects resulting from the integration of good and bad objects. There is a passage of a partial one whole object.

Object loss because of the aggression.

The first match is reactivated with each new duel.

It is the first game, the original, is given in the middle of the first year of life loss chest. It is reached when the self is synthesized, there neurodevelopmental and spent suffering from paranoid - schizoid position.

The objects are unified, are totals.

The trend towards integration is related to the life instinct and disintegration with the death instinct.

ambivalence appears: Can not love an object and hate another. fantasies and fear of loss appear. There guilt, which is motorized to repair. The task is to reconquer the object, fix it.

There is a relationship with a whole object (relationship between self and mother as a person, not as a body position) He may realize this, the object is alien to oneself and different external. It is the same object that gratifies and anxiety, which can love and hate, synthesized and complete separate object.

It is feared hatred destroy the whole object (bad and good, hated and loved)

There is a way out of narcissism. feelings of grief, sadness and longing appear. There guilt for feeling that the object at the same time it wants destroyed.

depressive anxiety: fear of losing and destroy the object meets the desire to possess (Unconscious Fantasies)

Typical defenses

Dissociation depressive: to fight the punishing and guilt, with the ambivalence of love - hate. It is re-divide the object to not feel so much guilt.

Defenses or manic positions

Disclaimer: the importance of the object.

Idealization of the object, this is perfect, able to survive everything and always will be, even if fence will come back.

Omnipotent Control: the object, this belongs to me, I control and management refuses to separation.

Triumph: I do not mind losing the object because I'm still alive, I bring much persecution. You can delay the man possessed of grief if set.

Contempt: the object, losing it is trivial.

It goes through these defenses to reach the last Repair: allows the preparation, you must cease and recognize the pain and guilt, these feelings are allowed and sustain within himself ambivalence. the object is restored, repair leads to the restoration of the lost object in the inner world. Attempts to restore the relationship with the mother.

Repair authentic: loss of connection with the person, with the toil and where the task to carry out, in the duel, you must reinstall the lost person inside me, reinstall it as a souvenir.

Tears are understood as a manic defense, only when not cry, if the bad moments lived with that object is not expelled and find relief from the middle to the meaning of not having to do with death.

In every adult mourning becomes the first, this is experienced again, the loss of the original objects is made.

The inner world is disrupted when mourning.

Libido is not free, as Freud says, but the object is repaired because libido is the object.

Depressive disorders: Fleeing to internal good objects (psychosis) is disconnected from reality or arrange a duel. Flight to external good objects (Neurosis).

schizoparanoid

Processes of splitting and fragmentation; depersonalization; persecutory anxiety (partial object); The infant introjects an entire object (still partial) but frustration quickly breaks; Idealization face against persecution; The death instinct is removed by projection; the other is an extension of I

Sources of anxiety from the beginning of life: Lets talk about the importance of the death instinct (related to the breast)

Anxiety: Coming from the death instinct: internal, somatic sensations are increased at the time of delivery (first trauma that every individual must face) and the first unmet needs. There is an input and an object. He is not integrated (not disintegrated) introduced by Winicot, whose source of anxiety come from instinctive conflict, birth trauma and early frustrations, self is very labile, but also seeks an object, not just to survive or sexual desire but to project the remnant of the death instinct. It relates to the biases of the other body. The object is partial and persecutory input is cathects with partial object libido making it a good or idealized object.

Moment of maximum anxiety with great tendency to disintegration. "Psychotic Anxieties" are not psychotic, but because of its similarity (United depersonalization, the self is not recognized as himself).

The fundamental mechanisms are the Projection and introjection. Objects back to me, they are incorporated and persecution comes, now, outside and inside (persecutory anxiety).

Excision is a defense of self (cleavage) is a mechanism of the object and the self, which divides the object by dividing the ego, the object is persecutory, then the object and I are separated into good and bad parts. In a peak death instinct they are divided into thousands, are fragmented. The best chance of life instinct allows me to rejoin, it allows to maintain the relationship with the world and generate satisfaction the child to maintain the relationship with the world, between reality into 2 areas: the satisfaction of the need and attenuation anxiety where raw life instinct and called good object and the other object or bad bad chest where everything will be aggressive. It may be normal or pathological. The dichotomy allows the life instinct predominates separated from death, is adaptive, self adapts and fits the reality. In fragmenting the split it is between a whole object and another fragmented by the projection of the destructiveness that has been placed within the object. Affects the object, breaks it and affects parts of self that come into contact with that object, being a fantasy has however consequences in reality.

violent splitting of the ego: the destructive placed back inside the object. Pathological. Dispersion of emotions, is a denial. recording capacity is lost, affects the parts of self that come into contact with the object, it destroys. Fear of annihilation of self

Denial of psychic reality and external reality is another defense mechanism. He refuses the object, there is fear, distress, or persecution. the object that frustrates and idealizes the supplier object of pleasure is denied.

This mechanism meets the idealization, the object is indestructible, goes hand in hand with persecution (discussed as a transfer). He refuses persecution.

projective identification: related to the transfer and cleavage. I pieces are projected inside the object and in turn there is an identification between the self and the object, it becomes a representative of the self. It is a narcissistic object relationship. negative and positive parts project, which is given great power, there is a weakening of self, an addiction to another. Also called aggressive object relation, there is much fear of flying persecutory other things, because they are also those that were deposited in it. Includes projective and aggressive look, is a special form of identification that marks the model of an aggressive object relation, it has branded aggressive attacks the child went to the mother's body (good and bad parts). It is the fantasy through which the subject enters his own person or any part thereof within the object to damage it, control it and own it. You can have a normal part and other pathological: Normal: Understanding what happens to the other, communication, identification standard, equal to the first moment of infatuation Freud, the best parts of each other put. Pathological: Aggressive aspects in order, where this becomes persecutory so I designed it and the fear that the object appears attack me.

To be able to move from the paranoid-schizoid position to the depressive has to be an integrated process object and an integrated system that can relate to a total object. In this position you complete objects or integers are the antithesis of displaced objects. Introjecting can not attack the self and form nuclei that allow small synthesis in the self, so you can continue your way up to integrate objects. This depends on having good relationship with the maternal object.

Envy and Gratitude

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Defenses: You failed, the only effective is the spin-off, because otherwise the relationship with the object is ruined.

Gratitude: * First experiences translate into emotions (envy and gratitude)

Instinct of life (introjection of a good object, partial)

* The good thing is to keep (well: not dismembered)

* A + gratitude - and envy - envy gratitude +

* It counteracts envy. instinctual conflict between the instinct of life and death

* Full enjoyment, gratitude, generosity, repair

* The depressive position is better prepared, there is a better tolerance for the loss of the object

projective identification: excessive or moderate, not normal or pathological.

Bion

Making positions, Kleinian envy, and making Freud the two principles of psychic happen.

He is interested in knowledge and pain associated with this.

Group theory: * Groups of psychoanalysis (6 to 8 people)

* Take Freud and his writings on the neuroses of War

* To rehabilitate these patients is very important to re-group situations.

Call link not only to the relationship between people, but about ideas, linking mother drinks in the early stages and mostly takes what happens to the mother.

psychoanalytic function of reality, daydreams, Reverie: ability of the mother to be in a state that allows the connection with the baby. Decoding of violent, primitive primary emotions. Conversion introjective Projective identification. When the mother can not mean the baby will becomes a "Nameless Terror".

Develops the transference and counter transference (Klein never used) used it to understand patients.

Model on the operation of the groups: each analyst can apply his own theory, he takes the theory of psychoanalysis of Freud and Klein (theory of positions). Applies to these small groups.

Uses the term group mentality, group culture, work group and basic assumption group. The last two are mental activities subsitan when to perform a task.

All groups form a not voluntary and opposed to individual unanimous opinion, there is a mentality in group common, it is much more regressive than individual, a less reflective, less discrimination between the reality principle and pleasure is given. similar to the theories of Klein operating positions, regressive and reflective mental states alternate.

group mentality: Mental Activity

There are two basic functions in the group, these alternate, they never coincide:

Working Group: Related to critical thinking is verbal, no coherence, and the leader carries out the purposes rationally. Link of cooperation.

Basic assumption group: three mental activities: dependency (. Regressive, omnipotent group works like children waiting that healing comes from analyst There is hatred if not met and a new leader, aberrant) Leakage attack (Relationship all the group thinks there is something that prevents the advance, idea or person, you have to attack or escape. Objectives idealized and persecutory Klein), pairing (something will happen that will bring the cure, you should never focus, if it does fades). (Paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions)

Insight: awareness of self and what you can do to advance.

He talks about the thoughts in a succession from preconception to the most complex. Through conception, thinking and abstract thinking.

Personality functions: * Alfa Function: has the ability to transform the first emotional experiences and feelings in alpha (psychic data), which are the first ideas that are close to the body, somatic elements fall within the domain of the mental. Alpha elements in harmony form a contact barrier, that is a psychic structure: equivalent to the Freudian primal repression is between systems.

* Beta Elements: Do not suffer transformation, are things in themselves (primitive emotions), they are not transformed into first psychic matter and tend to be evacuated through projective identification because they create unpleasantness.

* Function Reverie: is awarded to the mother and her connection with the baby, means being able to receive and capture the emotional state of the evacuations and to transform them into different rewarding emotional experiences. Dream state.

* Function Psychoanalytic Personality: What is captured by sensory organs, but also must capture the senses, feelings. Capture the psychic reality itself and the other (related reverie)