the new times

Introduction

The first motor vehicles were designed thinking in carts to which they put a engine, there was powered steam, electric, Otto cycle internal combustion cycle and Diesel. The thought was majorly about the idea of ​​making something very similar to the carts moved with the engines of the industrial age.
Obviously, not being in harmony with the times technology motorized carts, they did not prosper, but were good try. Motor vehicles designed prospered until taking advantage of advances in all branches of science and technology of its time, ie, they were brought into line with the times.

Today humanity is at the crossroads of the popularization of that great invention of vehicles with internal combustion engine, they were so successful that environmental pollution they produce, sicken the species that invented threaten other living species and in short, to destroy the systems that sustain life on the planet to be the cause of the greenhouse effect and global climate disruption.
Is there any alternative? Yes, vehicles powered by electricity. We will discuss in this document.
What slows the progression?
In the political-economic-social system in which we live, dominated for 40 years by social class Omecafi (international mafia oligarchy speculative financial rogue), who took the 3rd industrial revolution with advances in information technology, automation, robotics, communications, financial instruments and money debt, along with other inventions in electronics, nanotechnology and biochemistry, to establish dominance in the world.
This social class using speculation and usury as an instrument of accumulation of wealth and power, greed and fear along with the neoliberal false doctrine to maintain hegemony, is not interested in changing anything that threatens its power structure. It ceased to be revolutionary to become conservative. Only the 4th industrial revolution is in gestation and "nothing is more powerful than an idea when its time has come." (Victor Hugo)
The electric vehicle
From the first vehicles with the engine there was electric, but the scientific and technological advances of the 2nd industrial revolution did not reach that were in "harmony with the times" and their use was delayed more than a century. Failure? Yes, but not forever. In more than 100 years, advances in science and technology made it an idea that his time has come. Today with the advent of electric vehicles mass of humanity can be "in tune with the times" and save the species from extinction.
We saw that humans, despite all the advances in science and technology, we often still think in terms of the past, as happened with the motorized carts. The same applies to electric vehicles today, the still thinking in terms of vehicles with internal combustion engine. Which is a mistake.
Elon Musk, who is a genius, led the development of the Tesla S and now the Tesla 3, but still thinks in terms of vehicle internal combustion engine. Both cars have a powerful motor powered by vigorous and heavy lithium batteries as a fuel tanks. The vehicles are still thought in terms of personal mobility and luxury, to benefit the elite social classes that exclude most of the population. The charging stations think in terms of gas stations, which together with the above system belongs to a world that will soon go into decline, because the 4th industrial revolution is already in gestation.
Most electric car developments revolve around the paradigms that I mentioned to Elon Musk and Tesla Motors factory. Although Renault, KIA, Nissan, VW and BMW have built bright and innovative ideas. The electric vehicle revolution is not taking off.
In China, in "harmony with the times" is committed to the development of collective mobility vehicles, buses and taxis. Why in tune with the times? Because the world is moving towards collective ownership since the late 60 "s, while private property declines even in developed countries. (Worldwide collective property is built condominium and individual property declines).
In the world of automation, robotics, computer science, nanotechnology, genetics, financial instruments and communications, which has built electric levitation trains and chips the size of a shirt button, is not viable electric vehicle? Sure it is, only moving slowly or stopped because we still think in terms of the past. The majority are conservative in nature.
Challenges to be overcome
1. The battery pack must be standard and easily removable for a brand of vehicle and not belong to the owner. That is, be leased and interchangeable fast for a robot in service stations. How LP gas tanks or pomponas! The price of the vehicles would be reduced considerably! We live in an era where financial collective ownership advances, think in those terms!
2. Continue to China in the development of vehicles before the collective use of private use, which are no longer in tune with the times. The cities must incorporate full flotillas and lower pollution and.
3. To develop financial schemes for public transport, also is collective on their property, incorporating chauffeurs, society and governments.
4. Factories electric vehicles and batteries must follow Elon Musk in relation to production with the highest percentage renewable energy (he uses solar). Reduce the ecological footprint in the manufacture of electric vehicles and batteries should be priority.
5. The fifth point is the proposal of this document and develop quickly:
Traction motors on the 4th industrial revolution
It has joined the revolution of the power electronics to the evolution of the traction motors. That's just stay still thinking in terms of the past.
Engines revolutionize electric vehicles must be designed in terms of current technology tip. There are craft advances experimenters, that with very few resources, have started this revolution. Existing prototypes axial neodymium magnet motors and axial coils, rather than older engines radial flow. But it needs to think in systemic terms. Make each component harmonizes with others, you would not put the tires on a Chevy Monza to a Mercedes Benz, they are not in harmony.
Dr. Charles Perry of MTSU (University of Tennessee) in its prototype for a hybrid engine made a 40 neodymium magnets and coils 27 mounted on the drum brakes of the rear wheel of a Honda Wagon. Retaining all the features of the vehicle. See figure:
Monografias.com
In Germany, with greater resources, it has also experimented with engines mounted directly on the vehicle's tires and even already have a package for the market. Decreasing the moving parts of a vehicle has many advantages, we are facing a dematerialization of traction in electrically powered vehicles. Less moving parts less wear, small maintenance costs. See figure:
Monografias.com
The proposal
The proposal of this paper is as follows:
Starting Dr. Perry motor magnets 40 and coils 27 increasing to 30, installed on the rear axle of a vehicle. That is, a motor at each wheel, traction total the handle 60 coils. We could develop power of 18.65 kilowatts (kW) for a 100% electric car of about 1000 kg, consuming 310 Watts (W) per coil. (18.65 kW was the actual electric traction power developed by the VW 1600 cc engine)
Thinking in terms of the past the solution of a single engine of 18.65 kW and 72 volts direct current would be 259 amps. A very dangerous for inexperienced stream, threatening his life. Taylor Dunn uses 12 lead acid batteries deep cycle 6 volt deep cycle (almost at the end present a photo). In our proposal we are talking about 24 or 48 volts and 13 or 26 amps for each coil and power of 310 W. In another time this solution would laugh, there was no way to run a feeding coils and motor.
But we are in the era of power electronics and each coil can be operated by a PWM circuit. We would have 30 circuits PWM on each drive wheel and two electronic cards running controlled by a microprocessor that turns on and off according to a programmed intelligence and feedback signal encoder (digital tachometer) installed on each drive wheel on the shaft steering and throttle.
Are the only feedback signals that can be incorporated? No, we live in the era of robotics can be incorporated hundreds of signals. The Americans and Japanese (as YouTube videos) long called attention to electric cars accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometers / hour (km / h) in six seconds and can reach over 350 km / h, I do it seems to think that's internal combustion vehicles. We require an intelligent, functional, safe, environmentally friendly and low operating costs vehicle. Whose collective use may become widespread.
May electrical technology develops faster in vehicles such as buses and taxis, by the scale factor and because circulating in cities, ie, limited distance and heavy traffic areas. There flotillas complete required, there are more resources and infrastructure can be easily constructed.
The figure shows the mode of operation of the PWM inverters in them there is control of the on and off at different frequencies. It is the most modern speed control of synchronous motors (squirrel cage) and brushless motors, by varying the frequency type. See figure:
Monografias.com
They can be considered as transformers direct current to alternating current. Why would a module (or card) for each coil? To handle lower voltages and powers. Not the same handle 312 W, 624 W if using a module every 2 coils, which can also, but or double the voltage 24 to 48 volts with the same current or double the current 13 to 26 amps the same voltage.
Driving voltages 24 volts is safer. Simplify the arrangement of the batteries, which in this case would be a common ground and 30 batteries arrangements 24 volts, with separate outputs for each control module of a wheel and 30 batteries with separate outputs for the other wheel, 60 in total. The current management of 13 amps at 24 volts with 312 W per circuit, provides greater security. But the arrangement of 48V is also feasible.
At present the power electronics is highly developed, with control signals on the order of 3 to 5 volts and currents micro or milliamperes, you can control the switching on and off of transistors and diodes silicon controlled for both the drive coils, to collect energy regenerated by them. Signals accelerator pedal position and wheel encoders can be compared to turn off power transistors to the coils and light controlled silicon diodes that collect energy regenerated by the coils.
In other words, when the pressure on the accelerator is reduced sufficiently, the microprocessor sends the command power of these diodes controlled by an electrical control circuit, start to charge the batteries, acting as a mild electric brake. When the throttle is stepping stops suddenly, the electric brake act with greater energy and charge the batteries at a higher rate. We speak of an intelligent regeneration that could recover up to 90% of the braking energy.
When operators are familiar with electric cars, improve operating efficiency substantially. There will still be many years similar to gasoline car handling. This is where the help of limiting functions developed in robotics will be helpful.
Acceleration and torque electronically operated ensure that the on-off coils is via ramps to overcome inertia and resistance offered by a slope, consuming the minimum current of the power supply, keeping the batteries and caring life. Commercial speed drives have these functions, it is not something you have to invent, is already invented and tested.
The relationship of the steering wheel detected by an encoder in fractions of a degree, be the signal instructing the control compensate the speed of rotation of the inner rim to the outer rim cornering, ie, it will be an electronic differential drive both wheels. Unlike mechanical differentials where one of the two wheels is the one that has traction. Electric vehicles can keep traction on the two-wheel drive all the time.
For the current software robotics most functions requiring an electric vehicle are already developed and extensively tested. In the metalworking industry we are currently talk of sensors capable of detecting tolerances of thousandths of an inch and microns. That technology should be incorporated into electric vehicles, it is available.
For purposes of estimating the cost we can compare with investors 624 W very common for systems Uninterruptible power (not breack) containing a battery and a transformer, both not required and the cost is around $ 30 USD, make the proposal ronde $ 1.800 USD (60x $ 30 = $ 1800), taking into account that an additional microprocessor and electronics is required. Also, note that we set retail prices to the public.
Computer and microprocessor inter-phase also have a cost, but as low power electronics has high costs, about a thousand dollars. Every day more office computers through interfaces, connected to industrial processes for monitoring, management and control are used. This technology has reduced its size, it is economical and is in full maturity.
Would lack the batteries, so far the most mentioned are lithium, about 2,520 cells of 7.4 W, about $ 3000 US dollars. The cost of the lithium cell has been reduced recent years shown in figure may be higher. Batteries lead acid deep cycle are still used in electric vehicles, golf carts, forklifts, delivery vans and storage of solar power. See figures:
Monografias.com
Monografias.com
conclusion
It seems that in China with making buses and taxis is at the forefront of electric vehicles for collective use. Technically still it knows very little about the solutions that have been proposed, but the kilometers achieved by each battery charging in cities has placed as a viable option. While Germany with its drive wheels designed based electric car, are technologically superior to other proposals, it is the nearest approach to that offered by this document option.
Power electronics reducing its scale power to each coil is a viable option and available to those who are now turning their cars internal combustion electric. In my case I will start testing the prototype for the scale I propose to develop an electric-electronic-permanent magnet motor in a rear drum brakes Chevy.